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            <title>
									Theoretical questions - eTechnophiles Forum				            </title>
            <link>https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/</link>
            <description>Hi,
Welcome to the eTechnophiles forum. 
Got a question like, \&#039;What resistor value to choose for your simple LED project\&#039; OR \&#039;Where is the resistor connected to the inbuilt LED in Arduino UNO\&#039;s schematic\&#039; - All will be answered here. 
Feel free to check out the topics below.</description>
            <language>en-US</language>
            <lastBuildDate>Fri, 22 May 2026 19:05:55 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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							                    <item>
                        <title>Bluetooth Speaker won&#039;t turn on</title>
                        <link>https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/bluetooth-speaker-wont-turn-on/</link>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 07:00:52 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[I know is not probably the best place for a newbie, the AI somehow helps but I definitely prefer go with the experts. I am fascinated with the laws of electronic, but more than ever I know i...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I know is not probably the best place for a newbie, the AI somehow helps but I definitely prefer go with the experts. I am fascinated with the laws of electronic, but more than ever I know it demands a serious compromise to enter this amazing world.<br /><br />Board Description: HXYT-A0-665-REV1.1 (A bluetooth speaker)<br />The speaker wont turn on, is doing nothing.<br />SIDE A<br />Compt.1= 56HS5, B310B (5 pins)<br />Compt.2= J6 (3 pins) ?<br />Compt.3 4004A, 33580KM<br />Side B<br />Compt.1= 4R7 (inductor)<br />Compt.2= SS54 (SCHOTTKY BARRIER RECTIFIER)<br />Compt.3= M8889, Y4D371 (8 Pins) ?<br />Compt.4 PNSA15E7E, X0B253, 2359<br /><br />--When connected the battery in the terminals, it shows normal (aprox 5V)<br />--I tested the negative and positive spots in reverse of battery connector and off course no shorted<br />--When first tested pin C of power button, it shows 0.840V, after some tests is showing 2.4V when first push the power button it drops to 0V but now no more drops and it gets 2.4 V no matter if push the power button<br />--Tested all capacitors of Side A and all of them are ok, also the capacitor X which is connected to the Compt.3, the component 3 seems to be a DC-DC converter, the capacitor X is in parallel of pins 4 and 6. When checking the VIN in Compt.3 (pin5) is ok, but when I push the power button there is no VOUT (pin1)<br />--When connected to the charger, the device’s charging led turns on and the board battery terminals shows the charging voltage.<br /><br />In Side B<br /><br /><br />We can see the battery port, the left pin is the + one, that pin goes to the compt.1 through pad named in the image as “pad positive pin”, then the compt.1 is connected to the compt.2 (I tested both and they seem to be ok). I tested all capacitors in Side B, all of them are ok except capacitor X. The capacitor X is connected to the pin that is marked with a yellow face sticker in compt.4, and I'd like to have the PCB's information or at least the compt.4's (or the M8889) in order to know that capacitor values.<br />What more testing do you recommend me to apply, what is component 2 in side A, what is component 4 in side B, is it a multiplexer? What is component 3 in side B, is it a switch IC? What recommendations can you give me when is hard to find a component by its code?</p>
<div id="wpfa-216" class="wpforo-attached-file"><a class="wpforo-default-attachment" href="//forum.etechnophiles.com/wp-content/uploads/wpforo/default_attachments/1768892452-Side-A.jpg" target="_blank" title="Side-A.jpg"><i class="fas fa-paperclip"></i>&nbsp;Side-A.jpg</a></div>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/">Theoretical questions</category>                        <dc:creator>servitec</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/bluetooth-speaker-wont-turn-on/</guid>
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                        <title>How can I safely power a BLDC motor from a hard disk drive?</title>
                        <link>https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/how-can-i-safely-power-a-bldc-motor-from-a-hard-disk-drive/</link>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 28 Oct 2025 05:32:49 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[I have a brushless DC motor taken from an old hard disk drive and I want to power it safely for testing or small DIY applications. Since these motors are usually designed for specific contro...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p data-start="156" data-end="428">I have a brushless DC motor taken from an old hard disk drive and I want to power it safely for testing or small DIY applications. Since these motors are usually designed for specific control circuits, I’m not sure about the correct voltage, current, and driving method.</p>
<p data-start="430" data-end="693">What’s the safest way to power and control a hard drive BLDC motor?</p>
<p data-start="430" data-end="693"><br data-start="497" data-end="500" />Should I use a dedicated ESC, a custom driver circuit, or a microcontroller-based solution?<br data-start="591" data-end="594" />Any tips for determining the correct pinout and avoiding damage to the motor would also be helpful.</p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/">Theoretical questions</category>                        <dc:creator>Anil_Tech</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/how-can-i-safely-power-a-bldc-motor-from-a-hard-disk-drive/</guid>
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                        <title>SPI vs I2C vs UART: which interface should I use for my application and why?</title>
                        <link>https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/spi-vs-i2c-vs-uart-which-interface-should-i-use-for-my-application-and-why/</link>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 10 Oct 2025 05:04:48 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[I need to pick one interface before finalizing my PCB and firmware. Short on‑board sensor links; priorities are minimal pins, low power, and reliable data. Which would you choose and why?]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<span>I need to pick one interface before finalizing my PCB and firmware. Short on‑board sensor links; priorities are minimal pins, low power, and reliable data. Which would you choose and why?</span>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/">Theoretical questions</category>                        <dc:creator>techy ishan</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/spi-vs-i2c-vs-uart-which-interface-should-i-use-for-my-application-and-why/</guid>
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                        <title>DMM in mA mode causes ~0.6 V drop — normal burden voltage? How can I minimize it?</title>
                        <link>https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/dmm-in-ma-mode-causes-0-6-v-drop-normal-burden-voltage-how-can-i-minimize-it/</link>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 09 Oct 2025 05:21:09 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[I’m measuring the current draw of a low-voltage load and noticed my handheld DMM, in mA mode, is dropping about 0.6 V across itself. Is that normal “burden voltage,” and what’s the best way ...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>I’m measuring the current draw of a low-voltage load and noticed my handheld DMM, in mA mode, is dropping about 0.6 V across itself. Is that normal “burden voltage,” and what’s the best way to reduce it?</span></p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/">Theoretical questions</category>                        <dc:creator>JannikTechy</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/dmm-in-ma-mode-causes-0-6-v-drop-normal-burden-voltage-how-can-i-minimize-it/</guid>
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                        <title>How do I choose the right op-amp for audio applications?</title>
                        <link>https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/how-do-i-choose-the-right-op-amp-for-audio-applications/</link>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 29 Sep 2025 05:28:54 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[When it comes to audio circuits, I’ve seen many people emphasize the importance of choosing the right op-amp, since it can significantly affect noise, distortion, and overall sound quality....]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p data-start="131" data-end="338">When it comes to audio circuits, I’ve seen many people emphasize the importance of choosing the right op-amp, since it can significantly affect noise, distortion, and overall sound quality.</p>
<p data-start="340" data-end="565">What factors should be considered when selecting an op-amp specifically for audio applications? For example, how important are parameters like slew rate, input noise, bandwidth, or THD+N (Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise)?</p>
<p data-start="567" data-end="713">Are there certain op-amp families that are generally preferred for high-quality audio, and how do they compare to using general-purpose op-amps?</p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/">Theoretical questions</category>                        <dc:creator>Roshan</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/how-do-i-choose-the-right-op-amp-for-audio-applications/</guid>
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                        <title>How does capacitor ESR affect decoupling performance?</title>
                        <link>https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/how-does-capacitor-esr-affect-decoupling-performance/</link>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 23 Sep 2025 04:42:03 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[I often see discussions about choosing the right decoupling capacitor values, but I’ve also read that the ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) of a capacitor plays an important role in how eff...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I often see discussions about choosing the right decoupling capacitor values, but I’ve also read that the ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) of a capacitor plays an important role in how effective it is.</p>
<p>How exactly does ESR affect the performance of a decoupling capacitor in power supply filtering and noise suppression?</p>
<p>Are there cases where low ESR capacitors are always preferred, or can higher ESR sometimes be beneficial? What are the best practices for considering ESR when selecting capacitors for decoupling in digital or analog circuits?</p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/">Theoretical questions</category>                        <dc:creator>JannikTechy</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/how-does-capacitor-esr-affect-decoupling-performance/</guid>
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                        <title>Why should unused inputs of logic gates not be left floating?</title>
                        <link>https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/why-should-unused-inputs-of-logic-gates-not-be-left-floating/</link>
                        <pubDate>Sat, 20 Sep 2025 04:53:55 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[I’ve read that unused inputs of logic gate ICs should always be tied either HIGH or LOW, but why this is necessary.What problems can occur if these inputs are left floating? Does it depend o...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I’ve read that unused inputs of logic gate ICs should always be tied either HIGH or LOW, but why this is necessary.What problems can occur if these inputs are left floating? Does it depend on the logic family (TTL vs CMOS), and what’s the recommended practice for handling unused inputs in a circuit?</p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/">Theoretical questions</category>                        <dc:creator>Jignesh</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/why-should-unused-inputs-of-logic-gates-not-be-left-floating/</guid>
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                        <title>L293D/L298N heating issue – should I switch to MOSFET-based drivers?</title>
                        <link>https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/l293d-l298n-heating-issue-should-i-switch-to-mosfet-based-drivers/</link>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2025 05:15:34 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[I’ve been using L293D and L298N motor drivers and noticed they heat up quickly, even under light loads.Is this inherent to these older ICs, or could it be a wiring/power supply issue on my s...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p data-start="999" data-end="1401">I’ve been using L293D and L298N motor drivers and noticed they heat up quickly, even under light loads.<br data-start="1196" data-end="1199" />Is this inherent to these older ICs, or could it be a wiring/power supply issue on my side?</p>
<p data-start="999" data-end="1401">How much of a difference would modern MOSFET-based drivers make in terms of efficiency and heat dissipation?<br /><br /></p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/">Theoretical questions</category>                        <dc:creator>Roshan</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/l293d-l298n-heating-issue-should-i-switch-to-mosfet-based-drivers/</guid>
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                        <title>Effect of PWM frequency on motors and LEDs</title>
                        <link>https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/effect-of-pwm-frequency-on-motors-and-leds/</link>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 09 Sep 2025 04:56:36 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[How does PWM frequency affect motor speed control and LED dimming? For motors, does changing the frequency make any difference in smoothness or efficiency? And for LEDs, how does frequency i...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>How does PWM frequency affect motor speed control and LED dimming? For motors, does changing the frequency make any difference in smoothness or efficiency? And for LEDs, how does frequency impact visible flicker or brightness perception? I’m also interested in knowing what frequency ranges are generally recommended for these applications.</p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/">Theoretical questions</category>                        <dc:creator>Suraj</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/effect-of-pwm-frequency-on-motors-and-leds/</guid>
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                        <title>Debugging a MOSFET’s Voltage Difference Behavior</title>
                        <link>https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/debugging-a-mosfets-voltage-difference-behavior/</link>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 05:20:49 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[I’m trying to understand the voltage differences across a MOSFET in my circuit. I’m noticing that the source, drain, and gate don’t behave exactly as I expected, and I’m getting confused abo...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p data-start="144" data-end="414">I’m trying to understand the voltage differences across a MOSFET in my circuit. I’m noticing that the source, drain, and gate don’t behave exactly as I expected, and I’m getting confused about why the voltages don’t line up the way the theory suggests.</p>
<p data-start="416" data-end="669">Could someone explain how to correctly interpret the voltage differences in a MOSFET (Vgs, Vds, etc.) during operation? Also, what are some common mistakes or misconceptions that could cause unexpected readings when probing a MOSFET in a real circuit?</p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/">Theoretical questions</category>                        <dc:creator>Suraj</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://forum.etechnophiles.com/basic-electronics-theoretical-questions/debugging-a-mosfets-voltage-difference-behavior/</guid>
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