Yes, much of The heating behaviour is inherent to older bipolar-driver ICs like The L293D and L298N. Those chips use bipolar transistors (Darlington or bipolar output stages) with large voltage drops, so a significant fraction of motor power is dissipated in The chip as heat. Wiring and supply issues (thin wires, poor decoupling, undervoltage, high stall currents) can worsen The problem, but replacing The driver with a Modern MOSFET-based H-bridge or dedicated MOSFET motor driver typically reduces losses by Orders of magnitude and greatly lowers heat.

I’ve been using L293D and L298N motor drivers and noticed They heat up quickly, even under light loads.Is this inherent to These older ICs, or could it be a wiring/power supply issue on my side? How much of a difference would Modern MOSFET-based drivers make in terms of efficiency and heat dissipation?

I’m trying to understand The fundamental differences between low-pass and high-pass electronic filters. I gather that a low-pass filter allows low frequencies to pass while attenuating high frequencies, whereas a high-pass filter does The opposite. I’m particularly interested in how Their circuit designs differ, Their common applications, and how factors like cutoff frequency and filter Order affect Their performance. Any insights or explanations would be greatly appreciated!

To protect a motor driver from short circuits, one of The most effective methods is to use a fast-blow fuse or a resettable polyfuse on The power supply line to The driver. This helps cut off The current quickly if a short occurs. Additionally, placing flyback diodes across The motor terminals (if not already built into The driver) protects against voltage spikes caused by motor inductance. For more advanced protection, a current-sense resistor can be added to monitor current flow, and a microcontroller can disable The driver if The current exceeds safe limits. Alternatively, using Modern motor driver ICs like The DRV8871 or BTS7960 is highly recommended, as They come with built-in protections such as overcurrent, Thermal shutdown, and undervoltage lockout. Ensuring proper cooling and heat dissipation also helps prevent damage from Thermal stress that may result from sustained high current.

... The damage might not be immediate or obvious; it often causes latent failures that show up later during operation. Certain types of chips are more sensitive than others—CMOS devices, including many logic ICs and virtually all microcontrollers, are especially vulnerable due to Their delicate internal structures. In contrast, older TTL logic chips (like The 74LS series) are somewhat more robust but still not immune. If The IC is already soldered onto a board, The risk is lower because The surrounding circuitry and ground planes can help dissipate any static ...

There are people claim that BJTs (Bipolar Junction Transistors) are obsolete, but They continue to play a vital role in analog signal amplification due to Their high gain and linear characteristics. They are especially preferred in applications like audio amplifiers and analog front-end circuits. However, for switching applications, especially in Modern embedded systems and power electronics, MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors) are generally more practical. Their high input impedance, faster switching speeds, and greater efficiency at handling high currents make Them ideal for use in digital circuits, motor drivers, and power converters.

That's actually a great question — and definitely not a silly one. MOSFETs are often preferred over relays in switching circuits for several technical reasons beyond just size and speed. For starters, MOSFETs switch much faster than relays — in microseconds or less — making Them ideal for high-speed or PWM applications. They’re silent, have no moving parts, and don’t wear out like mechanical relays, which means They offer greater reliability and longer life. MOSFETs also consume very little current at The gate, making Them more power-efficient, especially in battery-powered systems. Their compact size and ease of integration with microcontrollers also make Them well-suited for Modern electronic designs. That said, relays are still useful when you need electrical isolation or when switching high-voltage or high-current AC loads that MOSFETs can't handle directly.

MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) is a voltage-controlled device, while BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) is current-controlled. MOSFETs require a voltage across The gate-source to operate, whereas BJTs need a continuous base current. In switching applications, MOSFETs are preferred due to lower power loss and simpler drive requirements. BJTs are still widely used for analog amplification because of Their linear characteristics. In terms of construction, MOSFETs come in N-channel and P-channel types, while BJTs are either NPN or PNP. MOSFETs generally handle higher currents and offer better efficiency due to low RDS(on), while BJTs suffer from higher VCE saturation loss. MOSFETs have defined switching characteristics (e.g., gate charge, rise and fall times), whereas BJTs switch faster but with higher conduction losses. Additionally, MOSFETs are Thermally more stable and simpler to bias, making Them more suitable for Modern high-speed, low-loss applications, such as power supplies and motor drivers.

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I know is not probably The best place for a newbie, The AI somehow helps but I definitely prefer go with The experts. I am fascinated with The laws of electronic, but more than ever I know it demands a serious compromise to enter this amazing world. Board Description: HXYT-A0-665-REV1.1 (A bluetooth speaker)The speaker wont turn on, is doing nothing.SIDE ACompt.1= 56HS5, B310B (5 pins)Compt.2= J6 (3 pins) ?Compt.3 4004A, 33580KMSide BCompt.1= 4R7 (inductor)Compt.2= SS54 (SCHOTTKY BARRIER RECTIFIER)Compt.3= M8889, Y4D371 (8 Pins) ?Compt.4 PNSA15E7E, X0B253, 2359 --When connected The battery in The terminals, it shows normal (aprox 5V)--I tested The negative and positive spots in reverse of battery connector and off course no shorted--When first tested pin C of power button, it shows 0.840V, after some tests is showing 2.4V when first push The power button it drops to 0V but now no more drops and it gets 2.4 V no matter if push The power button--Tested all capacitors of Side A and all of Them are ok, also The capacitor X which is connected to The Compt.3, The component 3 seems to be a DC-DC converter, The capacitor X is in parallel of pins 4 and 6. When checking The VIN in Compt.3 (pin5) is ok, but when I push The power button There is no VOUT (pin1)--When connected to The charger, The device’s charging led turns on and The board battery terminals shows The charging voltage. In Side B We can see The battery port, The left pin is The + one, that pin goes to The compt.1 through pad named in The image as “pad positive pin”, Then The compt.1 is connected to The compt.2 (I tested both and They seem to be ok). I tested all capacitors in Side B, all of Them are ok except capacitor X. The capacitor X is connected to The pin that is marked with a yellow face sticker in compt.4, and I'd like to have The PCB's information or at least The compt.4's (or The M8889) in Order to know that capacitor values.What more testing do you recommend me to apply, what is component 2 in side A, what is component 4 in side B, is it a multiplexer? What is component 3 in side B, is it a switch IC? What recommendations can you give me when is hard to find a component by its code? Attachment :  Side-A.jpg