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| # | Post Title | Result Info | Date | User | Forum |
| Answer to: Effect of PWM frequency on motors and LEDs | 2 Relevance | 7 months ago | nathan | Theoretical questions | |
| PWM frequency doesn’t change the basic control of speed or brightness (that’s handled by duty cycle), but it does affect how smooth and practical the control feels. For DC motors, too low a frequency can cause audible whining and jerky torque, while using a frequency in the 2–20 kHz range keeps operation smoother and moves the noise above the human hearing range. Going too high can reduce efficiency due to increased switching losses. For LEDs, low frequencies below ~100 Hz cause visible flicker, which is unpleasant and can be noticeable on cameras as well. Frequencies in the 200–500 Hz range reduce flicker significantly, but for professional lighting or display applications, 1 kHz and above is generally preferred to ensure flicker-free performance. | |||||
| Answer to: How to Test a Potentiometer with a Multimeter? | 2 Relevance | 8 months ago | Tech Geek | Equipments | |
| To test a potentiometer with a digital multimeter, first identify the terminals—the two outer pins are the ends of the resistive track, and the middle pin is the wiper. Set the multimeter to resistance (Ω) mode and measure between the two outer pins; the reading should be close to the potentiometer’s rated value (such as 10 kΩ or 100 kΩ). If the value is open (infinite) or significantly different from the rating, the potentiometer is likely faulty. Next, check the smooth operation of the wiper by measuring between the middle pin and one outer pin while slowly rotating the knob; the resistance should change smoothly without sudden jumps or drops. Repeat the test with the middle pin and the other outer pin. Signs of a worn-out potentiometer include erratic resistance jumps, dead spots where no change occurs when turning, noisy readings, or an open circuit at certain positions. For more accurate results, avoid touching the metal probe tips with your fingers during measurement to prevent interference from body resistance. | |||||
| Answer to: Measuring a transformer with an oscilloscope | 2 Relevance | 8 months ago | TechTalks | Equipments | |
| Measuring a transformer with an oscilloscope, especially in mains-powered circuits, requires caution to avoid damaging your equipment or risking personal safety. One major risk comes from grounding. Most benchtop oscilloscopes connect their probe ground clips directly to earth ground through the power cord. If you attach the ground clip to a point in the transformer circuit that isn’t referenced to earth ground—such as a floating secondary—you can unintentionally create a short circuit. This short can damage the oscilloscope, harm the transformer, or even cause electric shock. To prevent this, always ensure the oscilloscope and the circuit under test share the same ground reference. If that’s not possible, use an isolation transformer to power the circuit. This isolates it from the mains ground, allowing you to safely connect the oscilloscope. You can also use a differential probe, which measures the voltage between two points without relying on a common ground. This makes it ideal for measuring floating or ungrounded circuits. You also need to pay attention to voltage ratings. Oscilloscopes and their probes can only handle a limited amount of voltage. If you exceed that limit, you risk damaging both the probe and the oscilloscope. To stay within safe limits, use attenuating probes like 10:1 or 100:1 when working with high voltages, and always verify the maximum input ratings before connecting anything. Improper connections can also cause short circuits and overloads. If you connect probes incorrectly or create a ground loop, large currents might flow through unintended paths. This can burn out transformer windings, destroy probes, or even start fires. To stay safe, always double-check your connections before powering the circuit. Set the oscilloscope’s input impedance correctly to avoid incorrect readings or signal distortion. When working with floating circuits, rely on isolation techniques or differential probes to create a safer test environment. If you follow these steps you can surely measure a transformer with an oscilloscope but make sure safety first. | |||||
| Answer to: What’s the practical limit on daisy-chaining shift registers? | 2 Relevance | 8 months ago | Rahav | Theoretical questions | |
| Daisy-chaining a large number of shift registers, such as the popular 74HC595, is technically possible, but there are practical limitations you need to consider. Each shift register introduces a propagation delay, and as the chain gets longer, these delays accumulate. When chaining around 100 shift registers, the total propagation delay can become significant, requiring you to slow down the clock frequency considerably to ensure reliable data transfer. High-speed operation becomes nearly impossible at this scale without special measures. Signal integrity is another major concern. Longer chains increase the length of the data and clock lines, which can result in voltage drops, reflections, and noise issues. To maintain clean signals, you will likely need to use buffers or repeaters at certain points in the chain, along with careful PCB layout and proper decoupling. If your design truly requires controlling such a large number of outputs, consider whether a different approach might be more suitable. For example, I²C or SPI GPIO expanders with unique addressing can drastically reduce complexity. Alternatively, you could use multiple smaller chains driven by separate microcontroller pins. | |||||
| RE: new to electronics and needing some guidance with a circuit . 555 LED lights | 2 Relevance | 9 months ago | Admin | Circuits and Projects | |
| Hi! I checked the circuit on TinkerCad. There were some mistakes, like wrong capacitor connection and value. Here's the edited one: A couple of points worth mentioning here: 1. On running the simulation, TinkerCad shows too much current drawn from the IC and may damage it. 2. This is true if you are running it continuously. In this case, all LEDs are ON at the same time for a very small duration, so it somehow works. 3. Still, not a good idea in the long run. I will suggest: 1. Use a 220-ohm resistor instead of 100. And connect two LEDs per pin to only one resistor. Meaning a total of 8 resistors for an 8-pin. This will reduce the overall current draw from the IC and per pin as well. 2. Better use 330 ohm..but not that it will reduce the brightness of the LEDs further. | |||||
| Answer to: How to use Arduino to read values from a potentiometer? | 2 Relevance | 9 months ago | Admin | Arduino | |
| ... input pin, like A0 on your Arduino This setup allows the potentiometer to act as a voltage divider, and the middle pin will give you a variable voltage between 0V and 5V as you turn the knob. Upload this program: const int potPin = A0; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { int potValue = analogRead(potPin); // Read value (0–1023) Serial.println(potValue); // Output the value to Serial Monitor delay(100); // Small delay for readability } Once the code is uploaded, open the Serial Mo ... | |||||
| Answer to: Difference Between delay() and millis() in Arduino? | 2 Relevance | 1 year ago | Admin | Programming | |
| In-depth explanation of delay() VS millis() in Arduino: What is delay()?The delay(ms) function is a simple WAy to pause your program for a specific duration (in milliseconds). While using delay(), the microcontroller does nothing except WAit, effectively blocking all other code execution. Example: Blinking an LED using delay()Here’s a basic example of using delay() to blink an LED every second: const int ledPin = 13; void setup() { pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn LED on delay(1000); // WAit for ... | |||||
| Answer to: Can an oscilloscope measure high DC voltage around 100V? | 2 Relevance | 1 year ago | Admin | Equipments | |
| If you need to measure around 100V DC with an oscilloscope, here’s what to keep in mind: Oscilloscope Limit: Most scopes have a max input rating of ±300V. Exceeding this can damage the scope. Use the Right Probe: Use a 10× probe rated for at least 300V. This ensures the oscilloscope only sees 10V when measuring 100V. Avoid using 1× settings to prevent damage. Stay Cautious: If you’re unsure, double-check the probe’s rating and make sure it’s securely set to 10×. For higher voltages, consider a 100× probe. Always know your scope’s and probe’s specifications. If in doubt, don’t risk it without confirming your setup is safe. | |||||
| Answer to: What is EEPROM in Arduino and how to use it? | 2 Relevance | 2 years ago | Sebastian | Hardware/Schematic | |
| EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) allows you to store data even after the board is powered off. It's non-volatile. This makes it useful for storing things like settings, calibration values, or any data you WAnt to retain. Let's understand the different memory types in Arduino: SRAM: Works as temporary storage while the program is running. Data in SRAM is lost when the power is turned off. Flash Memory: The Arduino stores your program code here. Like EEPROM, flash memory is non-volatile, but you can't store or retrieve any data d ... | |||||
| Answer to: Differences Between LM358 Temperature Sensor and Thermistor? | 2 Relevance | 2 years ago | Jignesh | Theoretical questions | |
| Thermistors cost much less than the LM35 temperature sensor but require calibration due to their non-linear nature. At the same time, a thermistor is more accurate and precise(down to +/- 0.1°C) than an LM35(around +/- 0.5°C). LM35: Very easy to integrate with Arduino. You can read the output voltage directly using an analog pin, and with simple conversion (multiply by 100 to convert from mV to °C), you get the temperature. Thermistors: While they can be integrated, they often require additional components (like a resistor for a voltage divider) and more complex calculations to convert resistance to temperature. This can make them slightly more challenging to set up. Main Differences Feature LM35 Temperature Sensor Thermistor Type Integrated circuit (analog voltage output) Resistor (typically NTC or PTC) Output Outputs a linear voltage (10 mV/°C) Resistance changes non-linearly with temperature Temperature Range Typically -55 to +150 °C Varies, but generally -40 to +125 °C Accuracy Typically ±0.5 °C or better Can be very accurate, but depends on the type and calibration Response Time Fast response time Generally fast but varies by design Ease of Use Simple to interface with Arduino (analog input) Requires more complex calculations for linearization Calibration Usually factory calibrated Often requires calibration and look-up tables for accuracy For most projects requiring precise temperature monitoring with reliable readings and ease of integration with Arduino, the LM35 is likely the best option. However, if you need the highest accuracy and can manage the additional complexity, consider using a thermistor P.S.: LM358 is an OP-AMP IC. LM35 is a temperature sensor. | |||||
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