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| # | Post Title | Result Info | Date | User | Forum |
| RE: What exactly is PWM resolution ? | 3 Relevance | 2 years ago | Sebastian | Hardware/Schematic | |
| Good point by @FullBridgeRectifier . Just to clarify for anyone new to this: when we say “divide by 255 instead of 256,” it’s because we’re looking at the maximum value the PWM can take, not the Total count of values. This WAy, your duty cycle calculations always correctly reach 100%. | |||||
| RE: What exactly is PWM resolution ? | 3 Relevance | 2 years ago | FullBridgeRectifier | Hardware/Schematic | |
| @ankunegi The answer is on point but I think there's a mistake in your calculation. To calculate the duty cycle, we have to divide it by 255(the maximum value) and not 256(The Total no. of steps). For example: A 2-bit PWM signal has 4 possible steps: 0,1,2 and 3 corresponding to 0%, 33.33%, 66.67% and 100% duty cycle. You get this by dividing by 3, not 4. If you divide it by 4, you will get 25%. Which means 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%. See, you are not getting 100% duty cycle in this case. | |||||
| RE: Why are resistors in parallel preferred over a single resistor in some circuits? | 5 Relevance | 1 year ago | Chiris | Circuits and Projects | |
| @bryan Using multiple resistors in parallel instead of a single resistor can offer several advantages, depending on the specific requirements of the circuit. Here are some key benefits and scenarios where this technique is commonly applied: 1. Power Dissipation: Advantage: When resistors are connected in parallel, the overall power dissipation is shared between the individual resistors. This can prevent overheating or excessive power dissipation in a single resistor, especially in high-power applications. Example: In power supplies or motor driver circuits, where large amounts of current flow through resistors, parallel resistors help distribute the heat more evenly, preventing one resistor from getting too hot and potentially burning out. 2. Improved Thermal Management: Advantage: Distributing the current across multiple resistors can help manage heat more effectively. A single high-power resistor may have limitations on how much power it can dissipate before it reaches unsafe temperatures. By using parallel resistors, the heat is spread out, improving overall thermal performance. Example: In high-power resistor networks used in voltage dividers or current sensing, parallel resistors allow better thermal management without the need for specialized heat sinks. 3. Availability of Components: Advantage: It may be more practical or cost-effective to use multiple standard-value resistors than to source a single resistor with the required value, especially in cases where a precise resistance value is not readily available in a high-power rating. Example: Sometimes a designer may need a resistor with a specific value that is not commonly available, but by combining resistors of different standard values in parallel, the desired resistance can be approximated. This can be more convenient than ordering a custom resistor. 4. Increased Power Rating: Advantage: Multiple resistors in parallel increase the Total power handling capability of the resistor network. The power rating of the parallel combination is effectively the sum of the individual power ratings of each resistor. Example: For example, two resistors each rated for 1W in parallel can handle up to 2W of power in Total, which would not be possible with a single 1W resistor. 5. Tolerance and Precision: Advantage: In some cases, using multiple resistors can help achieve a more precise overall resistance value, especially if high tolerance resistors are used in parallel. The parallel combination may help average out the tolerance errors of individual resistors, leading to a more predictable and consistent resistance. Example: In precision circuits, such as voltage dividers in analog signal processing, multiple resistors with tight tolerances might be combined to achieve the desired resistance value with reduced error margins. 6. Redundancy and Reliability: Advantage: Using parallel resistors can improve the reliability of the circuit. If one resistor fails (e.g., due to overheating), the remaining resistors in the parallel configuration can continue to carry the current, which can help prevent a complete circuit failure. Example: This is especially useful in mission-critical applications where reliability is key, such as in automotive or aerospace circuits. Common Applications: Power Dissipation: Power supplies, motor drivers, and high-current load resistors. Thermal Management: Voltage dividers and high-power applications. Precision Circuits: Applications where multiple standard resistors are used to approximate a desired resistance with minimal tolerance error. Redundancy: Safety-critical applications where resistor failure could compromise circuit performance. Conclusion: Using resistors in parallel is a useful technique, especially when dealing with high power, thermal management, or component availability. It allows for better distribution of power, increased reliability, and often better thermal performance. While it might seem simpler to just use a single resistor, the flexibility, safety, and performance benefits make this approach preferable in certain scenarios. | |||||
| Answer to: What’s the practical limit on daisy-chaining shift registers? | 3 Relevance | 10 months ago | Rahav | Theoretical questions | |
| Daisy-chaining a large number of shift registers, such as the popular 74HC595, is technically possible, but there are practical limitations you need to consider. Each shift register introduces a propagation delay, and as the chain gets longer, these delays accumulate. When chaining around 100 shift registers, the Total propagation delay can become significant, requiring you to slow down the clock frequency considerably to ensure reliable data transfer. High-speed operation becomes nearly impossible at this scale without special measures. Signal integrity is another major concern. Longer chains increase the length of the data and clock lines, which can result in voltage drops, reflections, and noise issues. To maintain clean signals, you will likely need to use buffers or repeaters at certain points in the chain, along with careful PCB layout and proper decoupling. If your design truly requires controlling such a large number of outputs, consider whether a different approach might be more suitable. For example, I²C or SPI GPIO expanders with unique addressing can drastically reduce complexity. Alternatively, you could use multiple smaller chains driven by separate microcontroller pins. | |||||
| RE: Is It Safe to Control 15 LEDs Directly from Arduino Pins? | 3 Relevance | 2 years ago | Admin | Hardware/Schematic | |
| 1. Yes you can. But then you have to turn ON only one LED at a time. 2. It is simple. If each LED consumes 12mA we get, Total current= 12X15 = 180mA, which is below the maximum rating. Now resistor value = 5V/12mA = 416 ohms. | |||||
| Answer to: Why Does analogWrite Use a 0-255 Range for PWM? | 3 Relevance | 2 years ago | Sebastian | Programming | |
| To the point answer by Techtalks. Just WAnt to add one important point here: The PWM pins on UNO have an 8-bit resolution. This gives us 256 discrete duty cycles, since 2^8 = 256. Example: 2 bit means 4 possible duty cycles. For PWM, they would be: 0, 33.33%, 66.66%, and 100%. Similarly, 4-bit means 16 duty cycles, and 8-bit means 256 cycles. Now why does the PWM range from 0 to 255 and not 256? Because when you count 0, the Total values from 0 to 255 are 256. | |||||
| Answer to: Shift Register Cascading Issues | 3 Relevance | 10 months ago | Tech Geek | Theoretical questions | |
| This kind of issue is quite common when cascading multiple 74HC595 shift registers. First, make sure you're shifting out the correct number of bits—8 bits per chip—before pulsing the latch pin. Timing can also be a factor, so try adding a small delay (like delayMicroseconds(1)) after the latch pulse. Signal integrity often becomes a problem as more ICs are added, especially with long wires or breadboards—keep connections short, use 100nF decoupling capacitors near each chip, and consider adding 100Ω series resistors on data and clock lines. Also, check that all chips share a common ground and that your power supply can handle the Total current draw. Lastly, ensure your shiftOut() direction (MSBFIRST or LSBFIRST) matches your wiring. These steps usually solve most inconsistent behavior when chaining multiple 74HC595s. | |||||
| RE: new to electronics and needing some guidance with a circuit . 555 LED lights | 3 Relevance | 11 months ago | Admin | Circuits and Projects | |
| Hi! I checked the circuit on TinkerCad. There were some mistakes, like wrong capacitor connection and value. Here's the edited one: A couple of points worth mentioning here: 1. On running the simulation, TinkerCad shows too much current drawn from the IC and may damage it. 2. This is true if you are running it continuously. In this case, all LEDs are ON at the same time for a very small duration, so it somehow works. 3. Still, not a good idea in the long run. I will suggest: 1. Use a 220-ohm resistor instead of 100. And connect two LEDs per pin to only one resistor. Meaning a Total of 8 resistors for an 8-pin. This will reduce the overall current draw from the IC and per pin as well. 2. Better use 330 ohm..but not that it will reduce the brightness of the LEDs further. | |||||
| Need help with Power Supply for 12V 4watt Motor | 3 Relevance | 1 year ago | getta | Circuits and Projects | |
| Hi there, I am a Total noob with electronics so figured I'd ask here for some help. I just bought a synchronous motor and need to power it. The motor is 12 volt AC 4 WAtt 50Hz. Can someone point me to what outlet and inverter (if necessary) is needed to power this motor, whether it be an outlet or battery powered? Here is a link to the motor I am using. Thank you for any help you can provide! | |||||
| Answer to: What exactly is PWM resolution ? | 3 Relevance | 1 year ago | catElectronics | Hardware/Schematic | |
| To put this PWM resolution concept into a practical context: If you’re dimming an LED with an Arduino UNO’s 8-bit PWM, you might see noticeable brightness steps when changing the duty cycle. This is because each step is about 0.4% of the Total brightness. With the ESP32’s 16-bit PWM, each step is only 0.0015%, so the LED brightness change is much smoother and almost imperceptible. This is crucial if you’re working on projects that require precise control, like mood lighting or audio signal modulation. But keep in mind, that the lower frequency at higher resolutions might introduce visible flicker in LEDs, so you’ll need to find a balance between resolution and frequency depending on your application. | |||||
| Answer to: What is EEPROM in Arduino and how to use it? | 3 Relevance | 2 years ago | Sebastian | Hardware/Schematic | |
| EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) allows you to store data even after the board is powered off. It's non-volatile. This makes it useful for storing things like settings, calibration values, or any data you WAnt to retain. Let's understand the different memory types in Arduino: SRAM: Works as temporary storage while the program is running. Data in SRAM is lost when the power is turned off. Flash Memory: The Arduino stores your program code here. Like EEPROM, flash memory is non-volatile, but you can't store or retrieve any data d ... | |||||
| RE: Is Arduino still relevant in 2024? | 3 Relevance | 2 years ago | Jeffmon | Arduino | |
| ... charger that I WAs recently involved in ran into over $23,000. The unit used a PIC Microcontroller and could charge 4 batteries of all construction types. 70% of this charge WAs in the 9 prototypes that were required. The PCB engineer and the software engineer put in many, many hours. Have you seen the dollars amount an engineer commands these days? My job WAs simple. I designed the power switching interface between the Microcontroller and the battery. An Arduino MEGA would have made this task much cheaper but we are aligned with Microchip and are ther ... | |||||
| Answer to: Need help with the working of this circuit | 3 Relevance | 2 years ago | mertozkan | Circuits and Projects | |
| @nathan This circuit diagram is for a simple LED flashlight controlled by a push button switch. Here's how it works: 1. Power Supply: The circuit is powered by two 3V batteries connected in series, providing a Total of 6V. 2. Switch: When you press the button ("Push ON"), it completes the circuit, allowing current to flow. 3. Capacitor and Diode: - The 100u capacitor is used to smooth out any voltage fluctuations, acting as a buffer to provide a steady voltage to the LED. - The 1N4148 diode prevents current from flowing back into the capacitor, ensuring that the capacitor discharges only towards the LED. 4. Resistor (100k): This resistor limits the base current going into the transistor. It ensures that the transistor is not damaged by excessive current and controls the transistor's switching action. 5. Transistor (BC547): This acts as a switch. When current flows through the 100k resistor to the transistor's base, it allows a larger current to flow from the collector to the emitter of the transistor, powering the LED. 6. LED: The "Super-bright White LED" lights up when the transistor conducts. LEDs are diodes that emit light when current flows through them in the correct direction, as indicated by the arrow in the symbol. 7. Resistor (15R): This 15-ohm resistor is connected in series with the LED to limit the current flowing through the LED, protecting it from burning out by excessive current. In summary, when the push button is pressed, it completes the circuit allowing current to flow. The current passes through the 100k resistor to the transistor's base, turning it on. This allows a larger current to flow through the transistor to the LED, lighting it up. The resistor in series with the LED ensures that only a safe amount of current flows through the LED. The diode and capacitor work together to manage the voltage and current supplied to the LED for steady operation. | |||||
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