Hi! I checked the circuit on TinkerCad. There were some mistakes, like wrong capacitor connection and value. Here's the edited one: A couple of points worth mentioning here: 1. On running the simulation, TinkerCad shows too much current drawn from the IC and may damage it. 2. This is true if you are running it continuously. In this case, all LEDs are ON at the same time for a very small duration, so it somehow works. 3. Still, not a good idea in the long run. I will suggest: 1. Use a 220-ohm resistor instead of 100. And connect two LEDs per pin to only one resistor. Meaning a total of 8 resistors for an 8-pin. This will reduce the overall current draw from the IC and per pin as well. 2. Better use 330 ohm..but not that it will reduce the brightness of the LEDs further.

... input pin, like A0 on your Arduino This setup allows the potentiometer to act as a voltage divider, and the middle pin will give you a variable voltage between 0V and 5V as you turn the knob. Upload this program: const int potPin = A0; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { int potValue = analogRead(potPin); // Read value (0–1023) Serial.println(potValue); // Output the value to Serial Monitor delay(100); // Small delay for readability } Once the code is uploaded, open the Serial Mo ...

In-depth explanation of delay() VS millis() in Arduino: What is delay()?The delay(ms) function is a simple WAy to pause your program for a specific duration (in milliseconds). While using delay(), the microcontroller does nothing except WAit, effectively blocking all other code execution. Example: Blinking an LED using delay()Here’s a basic example of using delay() to blink an LED every second: const int ledPin = 13; void setup() { pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn LED on delay(1000); // WAit for ...

If you need to measure around 100V DC with an oscilloscope, here’s what to keep in mind: Oscilloscope Limit: Most scopes have a max input rating of ±300V. Exceeding this can damage the scope. Use the Right Probe: Use a 10× probe rated for at least 300V. This ensures the oscilloscope only sees 10V when measuring 100V. Avoid using 1× settings to prevent damage. Stay Cautious: If you’re unsure, double-check the probe’s rating and make sure it’s securely set to 10×. For higher voltages, consider a 100× probe. Always know your scope’s and probe’s specifications. If in doubt, don’t risk it without confirming your setup is safe.

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) allows you to store data even after the board is powered off. It's non-volatile. This makes it useful for storing things like settings, calibration values, or any data you WAnt to retain. Let's understand the different memory types in Arduino: SRAM: Works as temporary storage while the program is running. Data in SRAM is lost when the power is turned off. Flash Memory: The Arduino stores your program code here. Like EEPROM, flash memory is non-volatile, but you can't store or retrieve any data d ...

Thermistors cost much less than the LM35 temperature sensor but require calibration due to their non-linear nature. At the same time, a thermistor is more accurate and precise(down to +/- 0.1°C) than an LM35(around +/- 0.5°C). LM35: Very easy to integrate with Arduino. You can read the output voltage directly using an analog pin, and with simple conversion (multiply by 100 to convert from mV to °C), you get the temperature. Thermistors: While they can be integrated, they often require additional components (like a resistor for a voltage divider) and more complex calculations to convert resistance to temperature. This can make them slightly more challenging to set up. Main Differences Feature LM35 Temperature Sensor Thermistor Type Integrated circuit (analog voltage output) Resistor (typically NTC or PTC) Output Outputs a linear voltage (10 mV/°C) Resistance changes non-linearly with temperature Temperature Range Typically -55 to +150 °C Varies, but generally -40 to +125 °C Accuracy Typically ±0.5 °C or better Can be very accurate, but depends on the type and calibration Response Time Fast response time Generally fast but varies by design Ease of Use Simple to interface with Arduino (analog input) Requires more complex calculations for linearization Calibration Usually factory calibrated Often requires calibration and look-up tables for accuracy For most projects requiring precise temperature monitoring with reliable readings and ease of integration with Arduino, the LM35 is likely the best option. However, if you need the highest accuracy and can manage the additional complexity, consider using a thermistor P.S.: LM358 is an OP-AMP IC. LM35 is a temperature sensor.