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| # | Post Title | Result Info | Date | User | Forum |
| Answer to: ESP32 vs RP2040 – Which is better after Arduino? | 1 Relevance | 1 year ago | Janet | ESP32 | |
| The table below will definitely give you an idea of what’s best for you, according to me: If your project needs wireless communication and more built-in features, the ESP32 is the better step forward.If you're experimenting on a budget or WAnt to dive deeper into hardware Control, the RP2040 is also a great pick (especially the Pico W if you still WAnt Wi-Fi). Attachment : Screenshot-1583.png | |||||
| Why does my Servo motor Jitter instead of holding position? | 1 Relevance | 1 year ago | hobart bess | Programming | |
| ... servo motor powered from the Arduino's 5V pin Signal wire connected to pin 9 #include <Servo.h> Servo myServo; void setup() { myServo.attach(9); myServo.write(90); } void loop() { } I've tried adding delay(1000); in the loop, but that didn't help. Do I need a separate power source for the servo, or is there another WAy to fix the jitter? Any advice would be greatly appreciated. | |||||
| Answer to: What is the function of a flyback diode in relay circuits? | 1 Relevance | 1 year ago | AVAQ | Theoretical questions | |
| A flyback diode (also known as a freewheeling diode or snubber diode) is used in relay circuits to protect other components in the circuit from high-voltage spikes that are generated when the relay coil is de-energized. How it works:When the relay coil is turned off (i.e., the current is interrupted), the magnetic field around the coil collapses rapidly. This collapsing magnetic field induces a high voltage (also called a back EMF or counter-electromotive force) across the coil. If no protection is present, this high voltage spike can damage sensitive components such as transistors, microcontrollers, or even the relay driver circuitry. Role of the Flyback Diode:The flyback diode is connected across the relay coil, with its cathode connected to the positive side of the coil and its anode connected to the negative side. When the relay is energized, the diode is reverse-biased and does not conduct. When the relay is turned off and the voltage spike occurs, the diode becomes forward-biased, providing a safe path for the current generated by the inductive kickback. This allows the current to dissipate through the coil and diode in a Controlled manner, preventing damage to the circuit. Key points:1. Protects sensitive components: Prevents high-voltage spikes from damaging transistors or other components.2. Improves reliability: Increases the longevity and stability of the circuit by Controlling inductive kickback.3. Simple and cost-effective: A small, inexpensive diode is typically sufficient to protect the circuit. Without a flyback diode, the high voltage from the collapsing magnetic field could cause arcing or damage to the relay driver or the Control circuitry, leading to malfunction or failure of the circuit. | |||||
| Answer to: What exactly is PWM resolution ? | 1 Relevance | 2 years ago | catElectronics | Hardware/Schematic | |
| To put this PWM resolution concept into a practical context: If you’re dimming an LED with an Arduino UNO’s 8-bit PWM, you might see noticeable brightness steps when changing the duty cycle. This is because each step is about 0.4% of the total brightness. With the ESP32’s 16-bit PWM, each step is only 0.0015%, so the LED brightness change is much smoother and almost imperceptible. This is crucial if you’re working on projects that require precise Control, like mood lighting or audio signal modulation. But keep in mind, that the lower frequency at higher resolutions might introduce visible flicker in LEDs, so you’ll need to find a balance between resolution and frequency depending on your application. | |||||
| Answer to: STM32 vs Arduino: Which One is Better? | 1 Relevance | 2 years ago | Sebastian | Hardware/Schematic | |
| ... whole mindset. You’ll need to read datasheets, configure clock settings, and deal with low-level programming. The power is there, but it comes at the cost of simplicity. My advice: If you’re comfortable diving deep into hardware-level programming and WAnt to push your projects further, give STM32 a shot. Otherwise, maybe try a more powerful Arduino board first, like the Arduino Due. | |||||
| Answer to: What’s the difference between a Microprocessor and a Microcontroller? | 1 Relevance | 2 years ago | Admin | Theoretical questions | |
| ... Unit) and needs external components like memory (RAM/ROM), input/output interfaces, and peripherals to work. Think of it as what you’d find in a computer, like an Intel Core i7 or an AMD Ryzen. It’s designed for complex tasks and multitasking. Applications: Computers, laptops, and smartphones. Flexibility: You get to design the system around it by adding the components you need. Microcontroller (MCU): A microcontroller, on the other hand, is more like an all-in-one package. It includes a CPU(a processor), memory (RAM/ROM), and peripherals like GPIO pins ... | |||||
| Answer to: Why Does analogWrite Use a 0-255 Range for PWM? | 1 Relevance | 2 years ago | TechTalks | Programming | |
| Hello paul, In Arduino, the analogWrite function is used to generate a PWM signal on a specified pin. The value parameters ranging from (0-255) you provide determines the duty cycle of the PWM signal. Value of 0: This means the pin is always off (0% duty cycle). Value of 255: This means the pin is always on (100% duty cycle). Values between 0 and 255: These values correspond to duty cycles between 0% and 100%. For example, a value of 127 would create a 50% duty cycle. This allows for precise Control of analog devices, such as LEDs or motors, using digital signals. | |||||
| Differences Between LM35 Temperature Sensor and Thermistor? | 1 Relevance | 2 years ago | Divyam | Theoretical questions | |
| In my project, I need precise Control over temperature monitoring. I am trying to choose between an LM358 temperature sensor and a thermistor. Specifically, I would like to understand the following: What are the main differences between an LM358 temperature sensor and a thermistor? Which one is more accurate for temperature measurements? Considering ease of integration and reliability with an Arduino, which sensor would be recommended? The accuracy and reliability of the temperature readings are crucial for the success of my project. Any insights or experiences you can share would be greatly appreciated! | |||||
| Answer to: What exactly is PWM resolution ? | 1 Relevance | 2 years ago | Admin | Hardware/Schematic | |
| Hey, Note: UNO R3 supports 8-bit PWM resolution, not 10. Higher resolution means the PWM output can be more finely tuned, resulting in a smoother signal. This is particularly important in applications like motor Control, LED dimming, and audio signal generation. 8-bit resolution means there are 256 possible duty cycle values (from 0 to 255). That's why the analogWrite(PWM pin, PWM value) takes values bw 0 and 255. In this case, increasing the duty cycle step by step corresponds to a change of approximately 0.4% (1/256) of the full-scale value. Whereas the 16-bit resolution means there are 65,536 possible duty cycle values (from 0 to 65,535).Each step in the duty cycle corresponds to a change of approximately 0.0015% (1/65,536) of the full-scale value. As much as the resolution is important, so does the frequency of the PWM signal. The increase in PWM resolution decreases the maximum PWM frequency possible for the same clock frequency. if UNO and ESP32 have the same clock frequency i.e., 16 MHZ. The maximum possible PWM frequency(16-bit) for ESP32 will only be 244 Hz. Whereas for UNO(8-bit), it is 62.5 KHz. For example, 16 MHz / 256 and 16 MHz / 65,536. EDIT: Hey everyone! Let’s clear up the confusion regarding PWM resolution and the difference between dividing by 2^n versus 2^n - 1 The Hardware Timer Perspective In fast PWM mode, the timer counts from 0 up to a “TOP” value and then overflows back to 0. For 8-bit PWM, TOP = 255. This gives you a counter range of 0–255 = 256 distinct counts. For 2-bit PWM, TOP = 3. This gives you a counter range of 0–3 = 4 distinct counts. Thus, in terms of raw timer ticks, there are 2^n counts per cycle. The Duty Cycle Perspective When calculating duty cycle, we typically use: Duty Cycle (%)= (Compare Register Value/TOP) ×100. For 8-bit PWM, you divide by 255 (TOP = 255), so the highest compare value 255 yields 100 % duty cycle. For 2-bit PWM, you divide by 3 (TOP = 3), so a compare value of 3 yields 100 % duty cycle. If you were to divide by 2^n directly (e.g., 256 for 8-bit), the maximum compare value (255) would give (255/256)x 100 =~ 99.6% which technically Matches clock ticks but doesn’t align with the usual definition of 100 % on hardware PWM outputs. Why It Matters 0 % duty cycle: Compare Register = 0. 100 % duty cycle: Compare Register = TOP (which is 2^n - 1). Users generally expect that the maximum compare setting translates to the output being fully ON (i.e., 100 %). Summary The timer truly counts 2^n steps (from 0 to 2^n−1). However, to get a duty cycle percentage from 0 % to 100 %, you divide the compare value by 2^n - 1. That’s why for 8-bit PWM, you’ll see many references to dividing by 255, not 256. | |||||
| Answer to: BJT VS MOSFET- Current controlled vs Voltage controlled | 1 Relevance | 2 years ago | Tech Geek | Theoretical questions | |
| Maybe this explanation will help: BJT has three regions: emitter, base, and collector, with the emitter and collector, doped to create majority carriers (electrons for NPN, holes for PNP). Applying a forward bias to the base-emitter junction allows majority of carriers to diffuse into the base. Due to the thin and lightly doped base, most carriers don't reach the collector; some recombine within the base, generating a small base current (Ib), while the remainder is injected into the collector, forming the collector current (Ic). While voltage plays a role in creating the forward bias at the base-emitter junction, it's not the direct Control factor. The voltage drop across this junction is relatively constant. It's the current injected due to this voltage that ultimately Controls the collector current. Even a small change in base current (Ib) significantly influences the number of carriers injected into the collector, resulting in a current gain (beta, β), hence BJTs are termed current-controlled devices. MOSFET has an insulated gate separated by a thin oxide layer from the channel. When voltage is applied to the gate, it induces an electric field across the oxide, influencing charge carriers in the channel (electrons for NMOS, holes for PMOS), thereby establishing a conductive or resistive region. High gate voltage prompts a strong electric field, creating a low-resistance channel for high current flow, whereas low gate voltage yields a weaker field, resulting in reduced current flow. Voltage modulation of the gate Controls the electric field strength, subsequently regulating channel resistance and drain current, with minimal current flow between gate and channel due to insulation. Hence they are voltage Controlled devices. | |||||
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