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| # | Post Title | Result Info | Date | User | Forum |
| Answer to: What exactly is PWM resolution ? | 17 Relevance | 2 years ago | Admin | Hardware/Schematic | |
| Hey, Note: UNO R3 supports 8-bit PWM resolution, not 10. Higher resolution means the PWM output can be more finely tuned, resulting in a smoother signal. This is particularly important in applications like motor control, LED dimming, and audio signal generation. 8-bit resolution means there are 256 possible duty cycle values (from 0 to 255). That's why the analogWrite(PWM pin, PWM value) takes values bw 0 and 255. In this case, increasing the duty cycle step by step corresponds to a change of approximately 0.4% (1/256) of the full-scale value. Whereas the 16-bit resolution means there are 65,536 possible duty cycle values (from 0 to 65,535).Each step in the duty cycle corresponds to a change of approximately 0.0015% (1/65,536) of the full-scale value. As much as the resolution is important, so does the frequency of the PWM signal. The increase in PWM resolution decreases the maximum PWM frequency possible for the same clock frequency. if UNO and ESP32 have the same clock frequency i.e., 16 MHZ. The maximum possible PWM frequency(16-bit) for ESP32 will only be 244 Hz. Whereas for UNO(8-bit), it is 62.5 KHz. For example, 16 MHz / 256 and 16 MHz / 65,536. EDIT: Hey everyone! Let’s clear up the confusion regarding PWM resolution and the difference between dividing by 2^n versus 2^n - 1 The Hardware Timer Perspective In fast PWM mode, the timer counts from 0 up to a “TOP” value and then overflows back to 0. For 8-bit PWM, TOP = 255. This gives you a counter range of 0–255 = 256 distinct counts. For 2-bit PWM, TOP = 3. This gives you a counter range of 0–3 = 4 distinct counts. Thus, in terms of raw timer ticks, there are 2^n counts per cycle. The Duty Cycle Perspective When calculating duty cycle, we typically use: Duty Cycle (%)= (Compare Register Value/TOP) ×100. For 8-bit PWM, you divide by 255 (TOP = 255), so the highest compare value 255 yields 100 % duty cycle. For 2-bit PWM, you divide by 3 (TOP = 3), so a compare value of 3 yields 100 % duty cycle. If you were to divide by 2^n directly (e.g., 256 for 8-bit), the maximum compare value (255) would give (255/256)x 100 =~ 99.6% which technically matches clock ticks but doesn’t align with the usual definition of 100 % on hardware PWM outputs. Why It Matters 0 % duty cycle: Compare Register = 0. 100 % duty cycle: Compare Register = TOP (which is 2^n - 1). Users generally expect that the maximum compare setting translates to the output being fully ON (i.e., 100 %). Summary The timer truly counts 2^n steps (from 0 to 2^n−1). However, to get a duty cycle percentage from 0 % to 100 %, you divide the compare value by 2^n - 1. That’s why for 8-bit PWM, you’ll see many references to dividing by 255, not 256. | |||||
| Answer to: How to calculate decoupling capacitor values? | 9 Relevance | 8 months ago | Neeraj Dev | Theoretical questions | |
| Decoupling capacitors are essential for stabilizing the power supply and suppressing noise in microcontroller and digital circuits. A common starting point is placing a 100 nF ceramic capacitor (X7R Type recommended) close to the Vcc and GND pins of each IC to handle high-frequency transients. To support sudden current demands and filter lower-frequency noise, it's also good practice to add a bulk capacitor—typically 1 µF to 10 µF—near the microcontroller or groups of ICs. The exact values depend on several factors, including the switching speed of the ICs, current consumption, and the quality of the PCB layout. Faster ICs may require additional smaller capacitors like 10 nF or 1 nF in parallel with the 100 nF to cover a broader frequency range. High-current circuits may benefit from larger bulk capacitors up to 47 µF. Proper placement is critical—capacitors should be located as close as possible to the power pins, with short, direct traces. Using a mix of capacitor values in parallel helps improve overall decoupling performance. While 100 nF is a solid default, evaluating layout and load conditions can help you fine-tune your choices for a more robust and reliable design. | |||||
| RE: What exactly is PWM resolution ? | 5 Relevance | 1 year ago | FullBridgeRectifier | Hardware/Schematic | |
| @ankunegi The answer is on point but I think there's a mistake in your calculation. To calculate the duty cycle, we have to divide it by 255(the maximum value) and not 256(The total no. of steps). For example: A 2-bit PWM signal has 4 possible steps: 0,1,2 and 3 corresponding to 0%, 33.33%, 66.67% and 100% duty cycle. You get this by dividing by 3, not 4. If you divide it by 4, you will get 25%. Which means 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%. See, you are not getting 100% duty cycle in this case. | |||||
| Answer to: Differences Between LM358 Temperature Sensor and Thermistor? | 7 Relevance | 2 years ago | Jignesh | Theoretical questions | |
| Thermistors cost much less than the LM35 temperature sensor but require calibration due to their non-linear nature. At the same time, a thermistor is more accurate and precise(down to +/- 0.1°C) than an LM35(around +/- 0.5°C). LM35: Very easy to integrate with Arduino. You can read the output voltage directly using an analog pin, and with simple conversion (multiply by 100 to convert from mV to °C), you get the temperature. Thermistors: While they can be integrated, they often require additional components (like a resistor for a voltage divider) and more complex calculations to convert resistance to temperature. This can make them slightly more challenging to set up. Main Differences Feature LM35 Temperature Sensor Thermistor Type Integrated circuit (analog voltage output) Resistor (typically NTC or PTC) Output Outputs a linear voltage (10 mV/°C) Resistance changes non-linearly with temperature Temperature Range Typically -55 to +150 °C Varies, but generally -40 to +125 °C Accuracy Typically ±0.5 °C or better Can be very accurate, but depends on the Type and calibration Response Time Fast response time Generally fast but varies by design Ease of Use Simple to interface with Arduino (analog input) Requires more complex calculations for linearization Calibration Usually factory calibrated Often requires calibration and look-up tables for accuracy For most projects requiring precise temperature monitoring with reliable readings and ease of integration with Arduino, the LM35 is likely the best option. However, if you need the highest accuracy and can manage the additional complexity, consider using a thermistor P.S.: LM358 is an OP-AMP IC. LM35 is a temperature sensor. | |||||
| Difference between asynchronous and synchronous resets in flip-flops? | 5 Relevance | 8 months ago | J.Smith | Theoretical questions | |
| My teacher mentioned that there's an important distinction between asynchronous and synchronous resets used in flip-flops, but I’m still a bit confused about how they actually differ in behavior. From what I understand, both Types reset the flip-flop to a known state, but: How does the timing of an asynchronous reset differ from a synchronous one? When designing digital circuits or writing HDL (like Verilog or VHDL), how do I decide which Type to use? Are there any pros, cons, or common pitfalls I should be aware of with either reset Type? I'd appreciate a practical explanation or examples that clarify when and why one might be preferred over the other. | |||||
| Answer to: Difference between active and passive buzzer and how to identify them? | 5 Relevance | 1 year ago | Admin | Theoretical questions | |
| For a tank WAter level control system, both active and passive buzzers can be used for sound alerts, but which one is best depends on your needs. Key Differences:Active Buzzer: This Type comes with an internal oscillating circuit, meaning it generates sound as soon as you power it. You don't need any extra control or signal from a microcontroller—just apply voltage (like 5V), and it will produce a constant tone. This is ideal for simple "on/off" alerts. Pros: Easy to use, no extra coding needed to generate sound. Cons: Fixed tone—no control over pitch or ... | |||||
| RE: What is bandwidth in oscilloscope? | 3 Relevance | 7 months ago | Rashid | Equipments | |
| You're right—3x can be fine for clean sine WAves. The 5x rule is mainly for digital signals or sharp edges where higher harmonics matter more. Depends on the signal Type and what you're measuring. | |||||
| Can I use Analog pins as digital output pin? | 3 Relevance | 8 months ago | Rahav | Programming | |
| Is it possible to use analog pins as digital output? If yes, how to do this? I mean what command should I Type? | |||||
| How can I build a basic RC car using Arduino? | 3 Relevance | 11 months ago | PCBChronicles | Arduino | |
| I WAnt to create a simple RC car using Arduino and need some guidance on the necessary components and setup. The plan is to control the car wirelessly but am unsure whether Bluetooth, RF, or Wi-Fi would be the best option. Additionally, I would like to know which Arduino board would be most suitable for this project and what Type of motor driver should be used to control the DC motors. If there are any recommended libraries, circuit diagrams, or example codes to help get started, I would appreciate any suggestions. | |||||
| Answer to: STM32 vs Arduino: Which One is Better? | 3 Relevance | 1 year ago | electronicb_brain | Hardware/Schematic | |
| I think it really depends on the Type of projects you're working on. If you're mainly doing simple LED displays, motor control, or basic IoT projects, Arduino boards are perfect. They’re simple and get the job done without much hassle. But if you WAnt to dive into audio processing, real-time data acquisition, or anything that requires heavy computation, STM32 is a beast. I switched over when I started working on a DIY oscilloscope project because I needed faster ADC and more memory. | |||||
| Answer to: Why hasn't Arduino added a USB-C port to the UNO R3? | 5 Relevance | 1 year ago | Tech Geek | Hardware/Schematic | |
| ... Additionally, USB-C connectors and cables are generally more expensive than USB Type-B, especially in large quantities. This could increase the production costs of Arduino boards, potentially making them less affordable for hobbyists and students. When the Uno R3 WAs released, USB-C WAs either just emerging or not widely adopted, so using it wouldn't have been practical at the time. However, it's worth noting that the latest Arduino Uno R4 does include a USB-C port, showing that Arduino is gradually moving towards newer standards where it makes sense. | |||||
| Difference between active and passive buzzer and how to identify them? | 3 Relevance | 1 year ago | Paul | Theoretical questions | |
| I'm working on a project based on a tank WAter level control system. I need to include a buzzer for sound alerts, but I know nothing about buzzers. I've come across active and passive buzzers, but I'm not sure which one would be the best choice for this project. Can anyone provide information on which would be more suitable, the key differences between active and passive buzzers, and how to identify each Type? | |||||
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